| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 From the Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore; 2 Singapore Eye Research Institute, Republic of Singapore; 3 Defence Medical Research Institute, Republic of Singapore; and the 4 Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
PURPOSE. To determine the relationship of nearwork and myopia in young elementary school-age children in Singapore.
METHODS. A cross-sectional study of 1005 school children aged 7 to 9 years was conducted in two schools in Singapore. Cycloplegic autorefraction, keratometry, and biometry measurements were performed. In addition, the parents completed a detailed questionnaire on nearwork activity (books read per week, reading in hours per day and diopter hours [addition of three times reading, two times computer use, and two times video games use in hours per day]). Other risk factors, such as parental myopia, socioeconomic status, and light exposure history, were assessed.
RESULTS. In addition to socioeconomic factors, several nearwork indices were associated with myopia in these young children. The multivariate adjusted odds ratio of higher myopia (at least -3.0 D) for children who read more than two books per week was 3.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80–5.18). However, the odds ratios of higher myopia for children who read more than 2 hours per day or with more than 8 diopter hours (1.50; 95% CI, 0.87–2.55 and 1.04; 95% CI, 0.61–1.78, respectively) were not significant, after controlling for several factors.
CONCLUSIONS. Children aged 7 to 9 years with a greater current reading exposure were more likely to be myopic. This association of reading and myopia in a young age cohort was greater than the strength of the reading association generally found in older myopic subjects. Whether these results identify an association of early-onset myopia with nearwork activity or other potentially confounding factors is discussed.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. R. Salomao, R. W. Cinoto, A. Berezovsky, L. Mendieta, C. R. Nakanami, C. Lipener, E. d. H. Munoz, F. Ejzenbaum, R. Belfort Jr, G. P. Pokharel, et al. Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment in Low-Middle Income School Children in Sao Paulo, Brazil Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2008; 49(10): 4308 - 4313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sharma, L. Li, Y. Song, K. Choi, D. S. C. Lam, M. Zhang, M. Zheng, Z. Zhou, X. Liu, B. Wu, et al. Strategies to Improve the Accuracy of Vision Measurement by Teachers in Rural Chinese Secondary Schoolchildren: Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study (X-PRES) Report No. 6 Arch Ophthalmol, October 1, 2008; 126(10): 1434 - 1440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C Williams, L L Miller, G Gazzard, and S M Saw A comparison of measures of reading and intelligence as risk factors for the development of myopia in a UK cohort of children Br. J. Ophthalmol., August 1, 2008; 92(8): 1117 - 1121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Ip, S.-M. Saw, K. A. Rose, I. G. Morgan, A. Kifley, J. J. Wang, and P. Mitchell Role of Near Work in Myopia: Findings in a Sample of Australian School Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2008; 49(7): 2903 - 2910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Rose, I. G. Morgan, W. Smith, G. Burlutsky, P. Mitchell, and S.-M. Saw Myopia, Lifestyle, and Schooling in Students of Chinese Ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney Arch Ophthalmol, April 1, 2008; 126(4): 527 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. C. Lam, D. S. P. Fan, R. F. Lam, S. K. Rao, K. S. Chong, J. T. F. Lau, R. Y. K. Lai, and E. Y. Y. Cheung The Effect of Parental History of Myopia on Children's Eye Size and Growth: Results of a Longitudinal Study Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2008; 49(3): 873 - 876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Cheung, L. Tong, G. Tikellis, S. M. Saw, P. Mitchell, J. J. Wang, and T. Y. Wong Relationship of Retinal Vascular Caliber with Optic Disc Diameter in Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2007; 48(11): 4945 - 4948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Peet, M.-F. Cotch, R. Wojciechowski, J. E. Bailey-Wilson, and D. Stambolian Heritability and Familial Aggregation of Refractive Error in the Old Order Amish Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2007; 48(9): 4002 - 4006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Jones, L. T. Sinnott, D. O. Mutti, G. L. Mitchell, M. L. Moeschberger, and K. Zadnik Parental History of Myopia, Sports and Outdoor Activities, and Future Myopia Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2007; 48(8): 3524 - 3532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Ip, S. C. Huynh, D. Robaei, K. A. Rose, I. G. Morgan, W. Smith, A. Kifley, and P. Mitchell Ethnic Differences in the Impact of Parental Myopia: Findings from a Population-Based Study of 12-Year-Old Australian Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2007; 48(6): 2520 - 2528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Guggenheim, R. Pong-Wong, C. S Haley, G. Gazzard, and S. M. Saw Correlations in refractive errors between siblings in the Singapore Cohort Study of Risk factors for Myopia Br. J. Ophthalmol., June 1, 2007; 91(6): 781 - 784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Cheung, F. M. A. Islam, S. M. Saw, A. Shankar, K. de Haseth, P. Mitchell, and T. Y. Wong Distribution and Associations of Retinal Vascular Caliber with Ethnicity, Gender, and Birth Parameters in Young Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2007; 48(3): 1018 - 1024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S-M Saw, P-P Goh, A Cheng, A Shankar, D T H Tan, and L B Ellwein Ethnicity-specific prevalences of refractive errors vary in Asian children in neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore Br. J. Ophthalmol., October 1, 2006; 90(10): 1230 - 1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Tong, Y.-H. Chan, G. Gazzard, D. Tan, and S.-M. Saw Longitudinal study of anisometropia in singaporean school children. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 3247 - 3252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-D. Luo, G. Gazzard, A. Fong, T. Aung, S. T. Hoh, S.-C. Loon, P. Healey, D. T. H. Tan, T.-Y. Wong, and S.-M. Saw Myopia, Axial Length, and OCT Characteristics of the Macula in Singaporean Children. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2006; 47(7): 2773 - 2781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Tarczy-Hornoch, M. Ying-Lai, R. Varma, and the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study Group Myopic Refractive Error in Adult Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2006; 47(5): 1845 - 1852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T Y Wong, S-C Loon, and S-M Saw The epidemiology of age related eye diseases in Asia. Br. J. Ophthalmol., April 1, 2006; 90(4): 506 - 511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S M Saw, W H Chua, G Gazzard, D Koh, D T H Tan, and R A Stone Eye growth changes in myopic children in Singapore Br. J. Ophthalmol., November 1, 2005; 89(11): 1489 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. B. Dayan, A. Levin, Y. Morad, I. Grotto, R. Ben-David, A. Goldberg, E. Onn, I. Avni, Y. Levi, and O. G. Benyamini The Changing Prevalence of Myopia in Young Adults: A 13-Year Series of Population-Based Prevalence Surveys Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 2760 - 2765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wojciechowski, N. Congdon, H. Bowie, B. Munoz, D. Gilbert, and S. K. West Heritability of Refractive Error and Familial Aggregation of Myopia in an Elderly American Population Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2005; 46(5): 1588 - 1592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-M. Saw, L. Tong, W.-H. Chua, K.-S. Chia, D. Koh, D. T. H. Tan, and J. Katz Incidence and Progression of Myopia in Singaporean School Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2005; 46(1): 51 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Tong, S.-M. Saw, Y. Lin, K.-S. Chia, D. Koh, and D. Tan Incidence and Progression of Astigmatism in Singaporean Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2004; 45(11): 3914 - 3918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Tong, S.-M. Saw, J.-K. Siak, G. Gazzard, and D. Tan Corneal Thickness Determination and Correlates in Singaporean Schoolchildren Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2004; 45(11): 4004 - 4009. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-M. Saw, S.-B. Tan, D. Fung, K.-S. Chia, D. Koh, D. T. H. Tan, and R. A. Stone IQ and the Association with Myopia in Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2004; 45(9): 2943 - 2948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhong, J. Ge, E. L. Smith III, and W. K. Stell Image Defocus Modulates Activity of Bipolar and Amacrine Cells in Macaque Retina Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2004; 45(7): 2065 - 2074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S. Logan, B. Gilmartin, C. F. Wildsoet, and M. C. M. Dunne Posterior Retinal Contour in Adult Human Anisomyopia Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2004; 45(7): 2152 - 2162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S-M Saw, K-S Chia, J M Lindstrom, D T H Tan, and R A Stone Childhood myopia and parental smoking Br. J. Ophthalmol., July 1, 2004; 88(7): 934 - 937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. P. Fan, D. S. C. Lam, R. F. Lam, J. T. F. Lau, K. S. Chong, E. Y. Y. Cheung, R. Y. K. Lai, and S.-J. Chew Prevalence, Incidence, and Progression of Myopia of School Children in Hong Kong Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2004; 45(4): 1071 - 1075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S-M Saw, L Tong, K-S Chia, D Koh, Y-S Lee, J Katz, and D T H Tan The relation between birth size and the results of refractive error and biometry measurements in children Br. J. Ophthalmol., April 1, 2004; 88(4): 538 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P J Foster Myopia in Asia Br. J. Ophthalmol., April 1, 2004; 88(4): 443 - 444. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wickremasinghe, P. J. Foster, D. Uranchimeg, P. S. Lee, J. G. Devereux, P. H. Alsbirk, D. Machin, G. J. Johnson, and J. Baasanhu Ocular Biometry and Refraction in Mongolian Adults Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2004; 45(3): 776 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A J Lee, S-M Saw, G Gazzard, A Cheng, and D T H Tan Intraocular pressure associations with refractive error and axial length in children Br. J. Ophthalmol., January 1, 2004; 88(1): 5 - 7. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. O. Mutti, G. L. Mitchell, M. L. Moeschberger, L. A. Jones, and K. Zadnik Parental Myopia, Near Work, School Achievement, and Children's Refractive Error Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2002; 43(12): 3633 - 3640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
